Biography and biography
Try the literature selection service. You can always turn off the advertisement. It indicates general issues of the history and theory of biographics, as well as characterized sources of biographies. Key words: biography, sources, method. Keywords: Biography, Sources, Method. Biography is a special historical discipline, in the center of the study of which is a human person.
The official term “biographics” initially “biography” arose in Russia in E GG. Rybnikova and writing a number of theoretical works of the researcher G. Vinokur “Biography and Culture”. Grevsa and N. Official ideology, which did not approve the idea of studying the personal life of “as the subject of historical science”, influenced the history of discipline - the term “biographical” became out of use, and the series of biographies published by the publishing houses “Young Guard”, “Thought”, “Science”, “Art” and others.
The revival of the research interest in “biographics” occurred in the EG. Repina, I. Biographies are the oldest means of cognition of the world and people. They define biographics as a system of sciences about a person, dividing discipline into biographical genres, diverse spheres of a person’s professional activity, problems of a historical personality and personality in psychology.
The objective variety of biographics, as disciplines, affects the variability of individual author’s ideas about its theory and methodology I. Belenky, A. Valevsky, G. Vinokur, etc. The impossibility of creating a universal theory of biographical knowledge of human society, aimed at helping practitioners, leads to a separate systematization of scientists of natural and accurate sciences, historians, writers, composers, composers, composers, composers, composers, composers, composers, composers, composers, composers, composers, composers, composers, composers, composers Actors and others.
The subject of biographics does not claim universality, as it is consistent with the uniqueness of the "history" of any human person. Biography, like other historical sciences, studies the past of mankind. Moreover, the object of study is not the result of people's activities and public consciousness, but a personality place in history and all kinds of manifestations of human existence.
This is the science of comprehending the life of specific people involved in all areas of human activity. Biography, as a special historical science, includes the development of theoretical problems of the discipline itself and the laws of human life, as well as biographical knowledge of the compilation of biographies and the receipt of other types of biographical information, for example, biographical texts.
In this regard, biographics interacts with psychology and a number of auxiliary historical disciplines. The species features of biographics are, firstly, scientific complete or partial biographical texts of scientific or academic biographies; Secondly, scientific and auxiliary biographies-articles for biographical dictionaries and encyclopedias, biographical certificates for comments and names in scientific publications, etc.
The tasks of biographics include the disclosure of the individuality of human personalities. For researchers, biographies of any person of all social layers and ranks are interesting; The concepts of “mass man” are especially important, along with the abundance of portraits of “great” and “wonderful” ones, often in a negative sense. The biography of the hero or heroine must be perceived in comparison with his predecessors, contemporaries and, possibly, descendants within the framework of the “system of biographies”.
Writing a biography requires knowledge of the foundations of human psychology - the study of a person’s life path is inseparable from the study of its psyche. Historical psychology comes to the aid of the historian, however, in modern psychology there are a number of mutually exclusive absolute theories, therefore, one should rely on proven provisions, for example, a person is a biosocial system or “a phenomenon of nature and history”.
The sociologization of the human person is a multi -stage process of assimilation of the sociocultural experience of life values, norms of behavior, beliefs, etc. Life is determined by three main factors: its biogenetic qualities, historical conditions in the broad and closest sense of the word, own desires and efforts. In addition, a natural environment, for example, urban architecture, affects the behavioral motives of the individual.
When creating a biography of “other” human, the researcher should apply various methods of historical research, along with the use of the form of organization and presentation of the material, while constantly subjecting the created text to verify and comprehend, working as part of self -reflection and a critical approach to the source [2,]. The source of biographics, being applied, is based on general historical theoretical source studies, having a number of specific requirements for sources.
The main type of biographical sources is written sources on a paper basis.Important for biographies are visual sources - photographs, art portraits; For biographies of singers, actors, musicians - sound recording of performances. Historical sources for biographies represent the following groups: 1 diaries, letters, memories of the person being studied; 2 his literary, scientific and other works; 3 Official identity documents, its rights and obligations -certificates, letters, patents on social status, education, ranks, awards, etc.
In addition, materials about parents and family members, about the era and social environment are included in the circle of biographical information. Of particular value to researchers are the preserved personal archives of the studied personalities. When working with biographical sources, an important place is the realization that the person being studied is a “different” person.
In his materials, the researcher “gets used” and “in senses”, preserving the constant “dialogue” with the author of the document. According to the French historian Mark Blok, the source “speaks only when you know how to ask him” [3, 38]. The truth of a biographical historical source is revealed with the establishment of its authorship, the time of creation, its purpose, and also when using the exact indications of it.
Biographical historical sources are divided into archival handwritten and published printed ones. As part of the latter, it is necessary to distinguish between historical sources in the form of modern publications of letters, memories, articles, etc., studying an individual in history, the researcher creates his own algorithm of biographics. At the same time, he relies on the biographical method of this auxiliary historical discipline [4,].
Literature 1.
Petrovskaya I. Biography: the introduction of biographical information about the figures of Russia in the years. Vakhromeeva O. Biography as a method of historical research. Block M. Man with an open heart. Autobiographical and epistolary heritage of Ivan Mikhailovich Grevs