Biography Bell Daniel

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InoZemTSEV in "Daniel Bell and His Studies" Writes About One of the Most Prominent Sociologists of the 20th Century, Who Was 85 in May, one of the readers of the reader's attention of the dock XX century Danielu Bell. The author of the knowledge of economic sciences V. In the monastery of the book “The coming postindo-Zemtsev, he personally knows D. Bella Strial Society” by right and make a lot to “be considered a“ living classic.

”He tried to comprehend the problems of social structure and evaluate possible scenarios of social progress. The formation of his worldview had been for years that followed great depression; It was a short period when socialist ideas, traditionally not too popular in the United States, were relatively widespread before entering the college of D. Bell for some time in the socialist youth league and listened to several lecture courses on Marxist social theory and dialectical materialism.

The Marxist worldview was then close to a beginner sociologist. He was attracted even by the ultraradic communist ideas of Stalin and Trotsky, but this hobby turned out to be short -lived. In the 10ths, D. Bell met many socialists and anarchists known in the United States, who did not feed the illusions regarding the nature of the social system in the Union. The study of the latest works by Trotsky was supplemented by documentary evidence of the participants and eyewitnesses of the Russian revolution and communist terror.

As a result, D. Bell was formed as a supporter of democratic socialism. A little later, already in the years, trying from Marxist positions to comprehend the realities of modern monopolistic capitalism, he realized the whole imperfection of Marxism not only as political teaching, but also as a method of economic analysis. The scientist subsequently never overestimated the methodological and scientific value of Marxism, although he did not become a sharp critic and even more a bully, occupying a balanced and correct position of a strict scientific opponent.

The take -off of the scientific career of D. Bella, who possessed deep and universal knowledge in a number of disciplines - from the history of classical antiquity and the theory of culture to the history of science and technology and economic theory, came in the mid -x. Over the past 20 years, he has gone from a full-time employee to the responsible editor of the Social Democratic magazine The New Leader, was the editor of the trade union section of the journal of the American large business "Fortune", taught sociology first at Chicago, and then at the Columbia University, where he received the title of Philosophy, and in all these various classes D.

Bell's horizons were extremely expanded, but his worldview remained very flexible. As he wrote later: "I was a socialist in the economy, a liberal in politics and a conservative in culture." From these positions, D. Bell began to create the fame of the theory that grew from the understanding of a qualitatively new situation that had developed in the late X in developed industrial societies.

The method of D. Bella is primarily characterized by the recognition of the relative autonomy of the three main spheres of social life. Conscious of their complexity and ineffectiveness, he, nevertheless, considers it possible to divide them with the aim of analysis, which allows to penetrate deeper into the essence of the processes taking place in society than attempts to withdraw all social phenomena from a certain single source.

It is noteworthy that D. Bell does not consider the economic “basis”, traditionally accepted by the Marxists as the basis of the life of society, as something isolated and self -sufficient. The first of the three “analytical spheres” identified by him is what he calls the “social structure”; This includes technological and actually economic elements, as well as a system of social relations, which is generated by the existing structure of employment, based on the economic domination of some and the subordination of others.

The economic factor in all this set of relations is the most important, and the social structure is determined by the organization of production of goods from a limited volume of resources. The second "analytical sphere" is the political organization of society. The growth of political institutions, according to D. Bella is to minimize the contradictions that inevitably arise during the functioning of the economic mechanism, as well as in overcoming conflict situations caused by social contradictions.

In this regard, he argues that the main political issue is the legitimacy of the power that can be addressed to solve such problems. Finally, the third sphere is a culture that D. Bell attaches great importance - primarily because it is able to bring stability and continuity that he needs in the process of development. Although in most of their sociological assessments D.Bell proceeds from the primacy of personality over social communities of classes, racial or national communities, he does not believe that in the cultural sphere each opinion is equivalent and worthy of the same recognition.

The stability of society is largely due to the strength of the traditions preserved in it, and the value of one or another cultural manifestation may well be assessed taking into account existing ideas and authorities. This is the content of cultural conservatism that D. This realistic position ascribes to himself in many ways in the course of polemic with representatives of other theoretical directions, primarily Marxists and functionalists.

D. Bell himself wrote in G. I do not agree with these holistic views. I argue that it is more correct to consider society as a set of various spheres, each of which is defined by its own, special principle, acting as a normative factor governing its development. "The formation of the views of D. Bell in the years took place in an active dialogue both with predecessors and contemporaries.

According to him, the authors who stood on the positions of the classical had the greatest influence on it. J. Rousseau, A. Veblen, founder of institutionalism, was one of the main inspirers of economic constructions D. Hegel, I. Kant and F. Nietzsche played a huge role in the formation of his philosophical and worldview views. Aron, E. Shilz, R. Darendorf, I.

Hou, I. Christol, L. Trilling, N. Glazer and S. As a result, D. Bell's position was determined by himself as close to M. Weber and relatively neutral in relation to E. The middle and second half of the twenties became a turning point in D.'s creativity - the main direction of his research - social futurology - and the subject of the main interest - the subject On the role and nature of the influence of science and technology on the transformation of the social structure.

Back in the city, Bell first used the term "post -industrial society" in the now widely recognized meaning. By post -industrial, he meant not the system in which a person would be supplanted from the production process, but a society where the industrial sector will lose its leading role under the onslaught of increasing technology, where science will become the main production force, the potential of any society will be measured by the scale of the information and the knowledge that it has.

In the city of Bell, he wrote a prostrate analytical report, entirely dedicated to the problems of a post -industrial society. The named "post-industrial society: a hypothetical view of the United States in Waters, the most erudite specialist in D. Bell's work," became the most influential unpublished work of all that have ever been written, since I had extremely widespread widespread in academic circles.

"Although D. himself was the study of the problem of post-industrial society becomes one of the main directions Sociological theory is appointed a member of the Presidential Commission on Technology, Automation and Economic Progress; in the same year, the American Academy of Sciences and Arts creates a special commission designed to identify the most promising trends in the technological, economic and cultural areas that can determine the directions of the development of the American society in the XXI century.

containing the first specific results of his research. Here, the concept of post-industrial society was quite clearly presented as the theory of social changes that can occur in society in the coming decades, primarily as a result of the deployment of already noticeable trends of advanced growth of services and information, the science gained a new role and reorganization of a society organized according to the “economized” model in the direction of the “sociologized” model.

The author’s position favorably differed in that the formation of a post-industrial society was considered by him as a advantageous evolutionary process, as a result of which the industrial world is not destroyed, but rather enriched with additional features and properties. Bell notes that not only technological and economic progress plays an important role, but also qualitative changes in the political and cultural fields, primarily the spread of cultural tolerance and ideological tolerance in American society.

These ideas echo with his previous work - the "end of ideology", which was published in the city Bell wrote: “Only a few“ classic ”liberals insist that the state should not interfere in the economy, and only a few serious conservatives believe that the state of universal prosperity is a“ path to slavery ”today among the intelligentsia in general terms: the state of universal prosperity, the desirability of decent economics and political pluralism have received recognition.

The sense of the ideological era ended. " It is the end of this era that opens the way to the formation of a post -industrial society. Bella; He received an offer to move to Cambridge and occupy the Department of Sociology of Harvard University, previously led by T. years of work at Harvard University brought D. Bell not only wide fame, but also many prestigious awards and awards, including the prize.

The reality of Parsons of the American Academy of Humanitarian and exact sciences and the Prize of the American Sociological Association for the "Ishing contribution to the development of science." Working here, he published two of his famous books - “The Coming Post -industrial Society” and “Cultural contradictions of capitalism”, which included a hundred books that had the greatest influence on the formation of the intellectual climate of Western societies in the twentieth century.

At the end of the 10th - early xs, D.