Chernyshev biography literature

Born: July 24, G. was born in Saratov in the family of priest Gavrila Ivanovich Chernyshevsky - studied at home under the leadership of his father, a multilaterally educated person. In childhood, he received the nickname "Biblofag", that is, the Eater of the books. His readiness struck others. He entered the Saratov Theological Seminary, the time of stay in which he used mainly for self -education: he studied languages, history, geography, the theory of literature, Russian grammar.

Without graduating from the seminary, he entered the University of St. Petersburg at the historical and philological department ... of the Faculty of Philosophy. Over the years of study, the foundations of the worldview have been developed at the university, Chernyshevsky deliberately prepares himself for revolutionary activity, makes the first attempts to write artistic works.

In the year, having finished the course as a candidate, he receives an appointment to the Saratov gymnasium and in the spring begins to work. Here, a young teacher uses his position to preach revolutionary ideas. He met the future wife O. Vasiliev, with whom, after the wedding, he moved from his native Saratov to St. Petersburg. The highest order of January 24 of the year Chernyshevsky was determined by the teacher in the Second Cadet Corps.

The future writer has established himself as an excellent teacher, but his stay in the corps turned out to be short -lived. After the conflict with the officer, Chernyshevsky was forced to resign. He began literary activities in small articles in the St. Petersburg Vedomosti and in “Domestic Notes”. In the beginning, he moved to the magazine “Contemporary”, where in-was the leader along with N.

Nekrasov and N. Dobrolyubov, waged a decisive struggle for turning the magazine into a tribune of revolutionary democracy, which caused a protest of Liberal writers, P. Annenkov and A. Druzhinin, I. Turgenev, who collaborated in a “contemporary”. The Minister of Education A. Norov prevented the awarded degree, and only in the year, when Norov was replaced by E.

Kovalevsky as the minister, the latter approved Chernyshevsky to the degree of the master of Russian literature. In the year, he is the first editor of the Military Collection magazine. A number of officers Serakovsky, Kalinovsky, Shelgunov, etc. Herzen and Ogarev were well aware of this work of Chernyshevsky, who sought to lead the army to participate in the revolution. Together with them is the ancestor of populism, involved in the creation of the secret revolutionary society “Earth and will”.

In June, Chernyshevsky went to London to Herzen to explain about the article “Very Dangerous! Since September, it has been under secret police supervision. He was suspected of involvement in the fires of G. in May "Contemporary" was closed for 8 months. The appeal to the “Barsky peasants” was rewritten by the hand of Mikhailov and transferred to Vsevolod Kostomarov, who, as it later became clear, turned out to be a provocateur.

In service documentation and the correspondence between the gendarmerie and the secret police was called the "enemy of the Russian Empire number one." The reason for the arrest was Herzen’s letter intercepted by the police to N. Sereno-Solovievich, which mentioned the name of Chernyshevsky in connection with the proposal to publish the prohibited “contemporary” in London. The investigation lasted about a year and a half.

Chernyshevsky waged a stubborn struggle with the investigation commission, refuting false documents and false testimonies that were fabricated on the instructions of the commission and attached to the case. In the form of protest against the illegal actions of the Investigative Commission, Chernyshevsky declared a hunger strike, which lasted nine days. At the same time, Chernyshevsky continued to work in prison.

Over the day of the arrest, Chernyshevsky wrote text materials in the volume of at least copyright sheets. The most full -scale utopian ideals as a prisoner of Chernyshevsky were expressed in the novel “What to do? Alexander II reduced the term of hard labor to seven years, in general, Chernyshevsky stayed in prison and on hard labor for more than twenty years.

Was sent to the Nerchinsk hard labor; The Nerchinsk district, to Vilyuisk, was transferred to the Aleksandrovsky plant. In the year he was officially proposed by liberation, but he refuses to submit a petition for pardon. The organizer of one of the attempts to liberate Chernyshevsky from exile was G. to free Chernyshevsky, I. tried to transfer it to Chernyshevsky to Astrakhan according to some reports, during this period a scribus for him worked for his family’s troubles, he moved to Saratov in June, but in the fall of that year he died from hemorrhage into the brain.

He was buried in the city of Saratov at the Voskresensky cemetery. The journalist activity continuing the tradition of criticism of Belinsky, sought to reveal the essence of social phenomena, convey his revolutionary views to the reader. Philosophical views were a follower of the Russian revolutionary democratic thought and the progressive Western European philosophy of French materialists of the XVIII century.

In the university years, he experienced a short -lived passion for Hegelianism, subsequently criticized idealistic views, Christian, bourgeois and liberal morality as “slave”.According to Chernyshevsky, the main factors forming moral consciousness are “natural needs”, as well as “social habits and circumstances”. Satisfying the needs from his point of view will eliminate the obstacles of the heyday of the personality and the causes of moral pathologies, for this it is necessary to change the living conditions themselves through the revolution.

Materialism served as the theoretical justification of the political program of democrats revolutionaries, they criticized the reformal hopes for the “enlightened monarch” and “honest politician”. Its ethics is based on the concept of “reasonable egoism” and the anthropological principle. Man as a bio-social being belongs to the world of nature, determining its “essence”, and consists in social relations with other people in which he realizes the original desire of his “nature” to pleasure.

The philosopher claims that the individual “acts as it is more pleasant to do, is led by a calculation, led to refuse less benefit and less pleasure to gain greater benefit, more pleasure”, only then he achieves benefits. The personal interest of a developed person prompts him to the act of noble self -sacrifice in order to bring the triumph of the chosen ideal closer.

Denying the existence of free will, Chernyshevsky recognizes the action of the law of causality: "The phenomenon that we call by will is a link in a number of phenomena and facts combined causal connection." Thanks to the freedom of choice, a person moves along a particular path of social development, and the enlightenment of people should serve that they will learn to choose new and progressive paths, that is, become “new people”, whose ideals are serving the people, revolutionary humanism, historical optimism.

Political ideology of the peasant question in published in - gg. According to Lenin, this utopian approach could draw a decisive breakdown of feudal antiquity, which would lead to the fastest and most progressive development of capitalism. While the liberal press printed the manifest by Alexander II of February 19 on the first page, “Contemporary” placed only excerpts from the tsarist decree at the end of the book, in the form of an application, not being able to directly reveal the nature of the reform.

In the same issue, the poems of the American poet Longfello “Songs of Negro” and an article on the slavery of African Americans in the United States were printed. Readers understood what the editors wanted to say. Socio-economic views for Chernyshevsky community are the Patriarchal Institute of Russian Life, in the community there is a “friendly form of production” in parallel with the capitalist production, which will be abolished over time.

Then collective production and consumption will be finally approved, after which the community as a form of a production association will disappear. He evaluated the deadline for the transition from land cultivation by the private forces of the individual owner to the community processing of the whole worldly summer house. He used the ideas of Fourier and his chief student of the Consider.

In “Essays from the Political Economy”, with some reservations, it conveys the teaching of the utopian about work, indicating the need for large production, and explains the disadvantage of the labor of the hired. Chernyshevsky believed that "the consumer of the product should be its master of the manufacturer." According to the views of Fourier, Chernyshevsky pointed out the exaggerated significance of trade in modern society and the shortcomings of its organization.

In the novel "What to do? Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky, Russian writer, publicist, public figure. Born on July 12 24 in Saratov in the family of a priest. He studied at the Saratov Theological Seminary. In the year he graduated from the historical and philological faculty of St. Petersburg University. Over the years of study, the foundations of the worldview have been developed at the university, there was a belief in the need for a revolution in Russia.

Chernyshevsky deliberately prepared himself for revolutionary activity. The university makes the first attempts to write arts. After graduating from the university, he receives an appointment to the Saratov gymnasium and in the spring begins to work. The highest order of January 24, Chernyshevsky, was determined by the teacher in the Second Cadet Corps. In the same year, he collaborates in the magazines "Contemporary" and "Domestic Notes".

In the year, Chernyshevsky defends the master's thesis "Aesthetic relations of art to reality." He was arrested in the year and was in prison in the Peter and Paul Fortress for about two years. The court sentenced him to hard labor and a link to Siberia. He refused to submit a petition for pardon. In the year, Chernyshevsky was allowed to settle in Astrakhan, and six months before the death to move to Saratov.

Chernyshevsky died in Saratov on October 17 29. Detailed biography.