Socrates biography

The Socrates generator - the most famous sage of antiquity is the phrase “I know that I know nothing”, which in itself is a philosophical treatise in a compressed form. After all, it turns out that the idea of ​​the multidimensionality of the world and the limitedness of any knowledge, relevant to this day, has ripened in antiquity. Socrates were destined to give his life for his views, from which he did not renounce to the last sigh - like many sages, he was much ahead of his time.

Socrates have not reached us, and this is explained by its fundamental position - it is in orally that the truth is born, and written speech contributes to the creation of thinking templates and violates the principle of fluidity and immediacy of thought. That is why the figure of the ancient sage is overgrown with legends, and all that we know about the philosopher is the perception of enemies and students or just contemporaries.

A lot about Socrates was written by Plato, his student and follower, a bright representative of idealistic philosophy. After the famous trial, numerous “apologists” were created over Socrates, among which the authorship of not only Plato, but also Xenophon are especially significant.

Socrates mentions Aristotle in his "metaphysics." Apparently, the philosopher managed to have a huge impact on contemporaries: the desire to talk about the highest issues of being with absolutely any person, attitude on dialogue, openness of thinking, admiration for knowledge and at the same time the feeling of impossibility to achieve it, the unpretentiousness of external life, and even a bright appearance made it a sign figure.

By the year BC. Socrates becomes so famous that his image is recreated in the comedies of Aristophanes and Amapia. But true admirers went to him for wisdom and to learn how to think, his dialogs fascinated and for a while eliminated social differences. And Socrates willingly entered into conversations anywhere: in squares, in gardens, on the streets - anywhere. The main facts of the biography of Socrates of Socrates of Socrates are approximately determined by the period CO BC.

He was born in Athens, in ancient Greece, in the family, apparently, a wealthy citizen of Sofroniks, who was engaged in either a sculpture or a craft of stoneness. Socrat’s mother was called a phenrite. In the enlightened era of Perira, Socrates talked with many intellectuals - musician Damon, scientist Archelai, sophist Protagor, with the philosopher Anaxagor. He was friends with politicians Feramen, Harmid, Critius and Alcibiades, which subsequently served him a bad service, compromising him in court.

Zenon Elei taught Socrates dialectics, taught the derivative of sophistics, Socrates also took part in the disputes with Gorgia, frying and antiphont. Socrates participated in the Pelopone War, but military affairs turned out to be completely alien to him. Already in adulthood, Socrates married Xantippe, which, perhaps, was no less famous - his grumpy. From this marriage, probably, Socrates had three children.

Features of the worldview of Socrates are not talking about some well-established philosophical system, namely about the totality of ideas that became the basis for the perception of the world and the lifestyle of Socrates. Socrates believed that only the truth can be born in a dialogue. He very wisely believed that he knew nothing about the world, and in order to find out, he entered into dialogue with a variety of people.

Socrates called this method of obtaining knowledge “Mayevtic”, comparing knowledge with the obstetrician and believing that genuine knowledge is born in the dialogue. The main methods of conducting dialogue of Socrates are paradoxical, skillful leading to contradiction, ironicism. Any finished and clearly articulated thought seemed incomplete, very limited, if not absurd knowledge, and the fact that this thought was usually expressed by Socrates’s interlocutor, added severity of dialogues and was reduced to a sense of imperfection of human knowledge in comparison with universal wisdom and multidimensionality.

This ability not to take on faith a single dogma, the desire to rid their thinking from templates and stereotypes make Socrates surprisingly modern and now. Good and knowledge are the unshakable values ​​of the Socratic world. The philosopher believed, for example, that it is impossible to be pious, not imagining what this means. The root of all evil is ignorance, a mistake of reasoning, and if you clarify it, then the soul will again come into harmony and love for the world will triumph.

According to Socrates, virtue is a state of mind. The principle of knowledge "from small to larger." Socrates were one of the first to address the world of abstractions that Aristophanes ridiculed in the cloud comedy, and the basis for reflection on the categories of good and evil, about knowledge, were precisely examples from the surrounding reality. The rejection of previous natural philosophical teachings trying to explain the origin of the world.

Disputes with sophists. Socrates believed that it was the moral and ethical issues that should come to the fore in philosophical systems, because it is this aspect that affects everyday life, and therefore is the most important.Socrates sought to identify a clear ethical representation in each case and in each particular person, considering this the key to a harmonious life.

Socrates ethics considered knowledge the highest form of virtue, and in this sense acted as a consistent rationalist. Most often, Socrates discussed the essence of love and friendship. At the same time, love was inseparable from knowledge - only loving a person, you can constantly desire to recognize him better, without losing the location and sympathy for him. This is the key to harmony - every soul of a priori is kind.

In addition, Socrates was one of the first to extol the value of inner knowledge, calling this a “demon-patron” of a person whose voice should be listened to here, “demon”, according to Socrates, is a mixture of conscience, reason, and moral and ethical feelings. It was this postulate that later became the reason for the accusation of Socrates of Ugly. Interestingly, after many centuries and Nietzsche perceived Socrates almost as not denying ethical canons.

Another “seditious” of Socrates was the doubt that the experience of life the young generation should receive, humbly listening to the elders and learning virtues. This "exploded" the established tradition of education in ancient Greece. Socrates saw real piety in self -knowledge and spiritual improvement, which is what the Maxima attributed to him “know oneself”. At the same time, according to Socrates, a person who arrives badly, most likely, simply does not know what good is, or still does good.

Speaking of the state, Socrates emphasized that only the best representatives of society, highly moral and living according to the principle of good. It is easy to imagine how critically Socrates perceived the current government and how objection was therefore, therefore, it turned out. The fate of Socrates his life was free and bright - too much attention was attracted to himself “uncomfortable”, independent, free from the material world, a talkative eccentric, which influenced entire generations of the Greeks.

In BC. Socratic like -minded people tried to save him by organizing an escape from prison, but Socrates refused. He drank a cycut, as a recognition of the sentence, and after a few minutes he died, remaining conscious. This example of unbending will and absolute sequence, fearlessness and internal power has become an integral part of the myth of Socrates, which in the 21st century causes a lively interest in the personality of the ancient sage.

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