D Mendeleev biography

The biography of D. Mendeleev Biography D. is widely known as a chemist, physicist, economist, metrologist, technologist, geologist, meteorologist, teacher, air heater. Childhood and youth D. Mendeleev was born on January 27 on February 8 in the city of Mitya graduated from the Tobolsk gymnasium. According to the rules of those years, Dmitry was supposed to continue his education at Kazan University, to which the gymnasium was assigned.

However, the mother’s desire to give the youngest son a prestigious metropolitan education was adamant, and in the year the family went to Moscow. Due to bureaucratic obstacles, Dmitry was not able to enter Moscow University, and in the year Mendeleev moved to St. Petersburg. At the end of the summer, after the entrance exams, Dmitry Mendeleev was enrolled in the Physics and Mathematics Department of the Main Pedagogical Institute.

The main pedagogical institute was practically a department of St. Petersburg University and occupied part of its building. Along with chemistry work in his student years, D. Mendeleev seriously engaged in mineralogy, zoology, botanical. The building of S. studied in this building at the Main Pedagogical Institute, taught and lived D. his first significant research work, carried out under the leadership of Professor A.

Voskresensky, when issuing from the institute, was the dissertation of “isomorphism in connection with other crystalline relations with the difference in the composition”. Mendeleev investigated in it the ability of some substances to replace each other in crystals, without changing the shape of a crystal lattice. In this phenomenon - isomorphism, similarities in the behavior of various elements were clearly traced.

This first work by D. Mendeleev determined the main direction in his scientific search, and after 15 years of hard work led to the opening of the periodical law and the system of elements. Subsequently, he wrote: “The compilation of this dissertation involved me most of all in the study of chemical relations. With this, she identified a lot. ” Dmitry Mendeleev, G. in the city, arriving at the place of service, he could not begin to work.

There was a Crimean war - gg. Simferopol was near the theater of military operations, and the gymnasium was closed. He managed to get the place of the teacher of the gymnasium under the Richelian Lyceum in Odessa. Here Dmitry Ivanovich not only actively joined the work as a teacher of mathematics and physics, and then other natural sciences, but also continued his scientific research.

In Odessa, Mendeleev began to intensively prepare for exams and defend the dissertation for the title of Master at the University of St. Petersburg, whose diploma gave the right to engage in science. The early period of scientific activity in Mendeleev brilliantly defended his thesis on the topic: “specific volumes”. Immediately after the defense, he received the post of privat-Doche at the Physics and Mathematics Department of St.

Petersburg University. After moving to St. Petersburg, D. Mendeleev gives lectures on theoretical and organic chemistry at St. Petersburg University and conducts practical classes with students. The scientist also conducts research in the field of physical and organic chemistry. The first work of a technological nature belongs to this time. In January, Mendeleev received permission for a foreign business trip "for improvement in sciences." He went to Germany, to Heidelberg with his own well -developed original scientific research program of the physical and chemical properties of substances.

At this time, the scientist was especially occupied by the question of particle adhesion forces. I studied Mendeleev this phenomenon by measuring the surface tension of liquids at various temperatures. At the same time, he managed to establish that the liquid goes into steam at a certain temperature, which he called the "absolute boiling point." This was the first major scientific discovery of Mendeleev.

Later, after the studies of other scientists, the term “critical temperature” was established for this phenomenon, but Mendeleev’s priority in this case remains undoubted and universally recognized today. D. Mendeleev’s design picnometer, along with D. Mendeleev in Heidelberg, a group of young Russian scientists worked in Heidelberg, among whom was the future great physiologist I.

Sechenov, chemist and composer A. Borodin and others. Young scientists. In the middle of A. Borodin and D. Mendeleev, having returned to Petersburg, Mendeleev plunged into an active pedagogical, research and literary work. On the proposal of the Public Property Publishing House, he wrote a textbook on organic chemistry, which became the first Russian manual for this discipline.

In the course of work on the textbook, Mendeleev formulated the most important theoretical pattern in the field of organic chemistry - the doctrine of the limit. Based on the concept of rows of compounds of different limitations, the scientist managed to systematize a large number of organic compounds of various classes. The textbook was awarded the 1st Prize of the Academy of Sciences.

In the year, Dmitry Mendeleev was awarded for him a Demidov Prize, which was considered very honorable in the scientific world. The Medal of the Demidov Prize, the work of D. Mendeleev is striking in its breadth and versatility.In the circle of his interests, the issues of both theoretical and practical, dictated by time. Mendeleev knew how to deal with several problems at once.

Working in the end of the 10th years on the “Fundamentals of Chemistry” that became classic labor, the scientist came to the discovery of the periodical. In the same years, he continues to deal with agricultural issues, in particular, he is interested in the development of livestock and industry in the processing of agricultural products. In years, studying the properties of sparse gases, Mendeleev creates accurate devices for measuring the pressure and temperature of the upper atmosphere.

He is fond of one of the most interesting problems of that time - the construction of aircraft. In the X years, scientists have carried out fundamental research on the study of the nature of solutions. In the beginning of the x, D. Mendeleev, relying on the results of these studies, received a new substance - Pyrocherdius - and on its basis developed a technology for the production of smokeless pyro -carpented powder.

Another distinguishing feature of Mendeleev’s work is his unreleased interest in the new achievements of science and culture, industry, and agriculture. The scientist is in constant movement - he gets acquainted with scientific laboratories, examines industrial enterprises, mineral deposits, livestock farms and experimental fields, visits art exhibitions.

He is an active participant, and sometimes the organizer of scientific congresses, industrial and art exhibitions. Scientific and pedagogical activity periodical in the year Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev headed the Department of General Chemistry at the University. Preparing for the presentation of his subject, he needed not to create a course of chemistry, but a real, whole science of chemistry with the general theory and consistency of all parts of this science.

He spoke this task with brilliance in his capital work by the textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry”. Mendeleev began to work on the textbook in the city of the book was released in separate issues, the first appeared in late May-early June in the process of working on the 2nd part of the “Fundamentals of Chemistry”, Mendeleev gradually moved from the grouping of elements in valency to their location in the similarity of properties and atomic weight.

In mid -February, Mendeleev, continuing to ponder the structure of the subsequent sections of the book, came close to the problem of creating a rational system of chemical elements.

The periodic law and the “Fundamentals of Chemistry” discovered a new era not only in chemistry, but also in all natural sciences. Today, this law has the importance of the deepest law of nature. The manuscript version of the “Experience of the System of Elements, based on their atomic weight and chemical similarity” The scientist himself subsequently recalled: “He began to write when he began to read inorganic chemistry at the university after Voskresensky and when, having sorted out all the books, he should not recommend that the students here should be recommended here, and most importantly the frequency of the elements, found precisely during the processing of“ basics of chemistry ”.

The first version of the periodic table dates back to February G. Three manuscripts with the main options for the table dated February 17 in the period from Mendeleev worked especially intensively on the system, predicted the properties of unknown elements, said the atomic weights of the famous. Three elements of Ekaalumin, ecabar and ekasilia predicted by D. Mendeleev, were open during the life of the scientist and called Gaulim, Scandium and Germany, respectively.

The first of the listed elements was opened in France in Leccom de Buaboren, the second in Sweden in Nielson, the third in Germany in the city of open elements coincided with the predicted D. The discovery of new elements was the greatest triumph of the periodical law. A very serious test of periodic law was the discovery of an entire group of inert gases in the 19ths of the 19th century.

These elements possessed specific properties and were not predicted by D. However, they found their place in the periodic system, forming a zero group.