Biography tasks
The allegations of the weak education of Gogol, about his political illiteracy, about his indifference to politics became indisputable truths for all Gogol biographers. At the same time, researchers often forget that it can talk about different types of education, of different forms of interest in political issues. It cannot be denied that most researchers, speaking of the degree of education of Gogol, about his attitude to political issues, have in mind only a certain type of education, certain forms of political interests.
Such a statement does not exclude other forms and content of Gogol's education than, we put, those that are characteristic of Pushkin or Belinsky. A sign of a good tone began for Gogol biographers to consider the education he received in the Nezhinsky gymnasium of higher sciences. The testimony of Gogol himself in this matter is accepted completely on faith. Meanwhile, it seems to us that Gogol’s Nezhinsky years should take a closer look at, look more carefully at the Nezhin gymnasium, as is done by Pushkin’s biographers in relation to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.
In particular, we think, this attention should be dedicated to the reactionary defeat of the Nezhin gymnasium, which received, with the light hand of N. Bezborodko, ed. Speransky Kyiv, unfortunately, I. Srebnitsky, rightly reproaching V. Shenrok that he did not show attention to the Nezhinsky archive, he himself did not completely publish all the materials available in it.
This subscription - a direct echo on December 14. The greatest interest is the indication that two teachers of the Nezhin gymnasium - K. Shapalinsky and I. About this box we have very little information. In - gg. Dubbels, who served in Kyiv under N. Raevsky, was, according to the glory of Prince S., the funds used to this were: the 1st that each of the brothers was obliged to look at the behavior and actions of his fellow, wherever he was, and all kinds of information, what about him on the side of those that he has the closest relations, and if there was a bed about contrary to his moral acts of his actions The brother was notified, and such news was confirmed by the case, then she took measures to correct such a fellow team, which were: a private and public reprimand, temporary prohibition to attend meetings, a sign named after a black board, and there is not enough funds from a meeting, with publication for which for all Masonic lodges.
Professor I. Landrazhin also gave a second subscription to the first - according to the decree of G., in the report of the Investigative Commission in the case of the Decembrists on May 30, we do not have other, more direct or even indirect indications of the actual connection or continuity between the company of the United Slavs and the Masonic Kyiv Lodge of the same name.
But such a connection of secret societies in members, in some continuity, in the organizational rituals of the northern - St. Petersburg and Moscow - Decembrists with Masonic lodges, at the first moments of their occurrence, was a common occurrence. Such a connection and some continuity could take place in the south of Russia. It is curious that one of the initial moments of recruitment of new members to the Slavs of the United Slavs was a proposal to become a Mason.
They called us to protect the suffering innocence; We obliged us to have a fraternal love for people of any state in particular - we do not want to say more for the comrades of our society, but it is undoubted that the gloomy shadow of December 14 touched with its wing and pets of the Nizhin gymnasium. Capturing many Russian people who came abroad-both the liberal and the conservative image of thoughts-Varngagen von Enze, after the meeting on May 30 and from the circle of these memories and thoughts, we have no reason to delete Gogol.
Danilevsky from Rome of April 14, I admit, should have expected, having taken into consideration this is a large number of Russians who were involved in Paris past the prohibitions. These ambiguous expeditions of various modest and drill for some kind of mystical Slavic manuscripts that have never had been careful! I am sure that the names of almost all Russians are inscribed in the Black Book of our secret police, but that a comedy without truth and anger!
Read Brahmbeus: how much mean, and stinks, and everything! Gogols could disturb the jokes of Brambeus about the Russian historical and literary past and evil attacks against modern literature, against the romanticism of the Russian and Western European, against the idealistic philosophy of Schelling, Vellansky. Gogol often recalled his Nezhin years, and not only in meetings with school comrades.
So he warmly recalls prof. Belousov, against whom, mainly, were directed in freedom, repeatedly and persistently recommending M. Maksimovich to get to know Belousov. So in a letter dated June 27, tell him that I asked him to love you, like me. In the same way, Maksimovich is Aug 14. All our above comments and observations pursue a very modest goal.We do not want to draw some new Gogol, closely related to the advanced public aspirations of the era.
But we want the study of Gogol’s biography today not to go under the sign of Gogol inherited from the symbolists. In the same way, we do not want to exaggerate the knowledge issued by Gogol from the Nezhin gymnasium. In particular, we note that the teachers of new languages in the gymnasium were such persons who could arouse a deep and serious interest in the literature of the language that they taught.
So about Zinger, a professor of the German language, N. But, that Gogol’s extract Schiller’s works for a high amount of 40 rubles for him was the result of interest in Zinger's lectures - this is not subject to any doubt. We know how lovingly and strictly Gogol reacted to his librarian duties. This attitude to the book was not formal, the external Gogol was very fond of miniature publications at that time.
Even I. in the city of M. Speransky, not insisting on the thorough knowledge of Gogol of the German language, but without denying his knowledge of Gogol, indicates that there is no reason to doubt the thoroughness of Gogol’s knowledge of the French and Italian languages. He could also join the Polish language here. If Pushkin’s biographers have worked every line of the poet, every mention of his or another writer or private person, then Gogol’s biography is not covered by the main and significant points.
We are far from supporters of those biographical hobbies that Pushkinists still indulged in. But Gogol’s biography does not examine such moments, without the correct understanding of which it is difficult to understand certain issues of the development of the ideology of Gogol, one or another of his works. In particular, the study of Gogol’s personal and circle ties at different periods of his life, Petersburg, Moscow, foreign, in particular, Parisian and Roman ones, is of paramount importance for gogo -media.
Not fully studied his attitude to Moscow friends Pogodin, Aksakov, Shevyrev, to Belinsky, to Smirnova, to Zin. Volkonskaya, to the Slavic friends of Polish, in particular, to Mitskevich, etc., in particular, a comparison of Gogol and pl. Lukashevich, who, in letters to Vysotsky, Gogol calls among his closest comrades and whose fate he later is later interested in letters to school comrades.
In a letter from Prokopovich Gogol G. Letters of N. Gogol to N. Prokopovich, ed. Petukhov, Kyiv, meanwhile, for the history of the development of Gogol’s ideology, it would not be without interest to compare it with the linguistic paradoxes of Plato Lukashevich. Both of them are immigrants from the same school, representatives of the same social environment who grew up in the conditions of Ukrainian reality, general cultural and literary traditions.
Lukashevich is often illuminated by bright outbreaks of critical thought. Here, for example. Kosyarovsky of September 8, I know some crafts from what I started, I will not leave until I completely finish. Not in order to praise yourself, I say this, but to provide you to my future fate. In the light of these youthful dreams, of course, it is necessary to consider the Gogol’s trip abroad in the city at the same time more attentive attitude to Gogol’s biography should show that the trends of public understanding of his activity were inherent in him from a young age.
Their understanding of Gogol’s activity, as an artist who introduced a social content into literature, critically depicting reality, can and should be ours. From Chernyshevsky, moreover, we can lead the line of understanding Gogol’s work, as socially determined and socially directed, understanding only the materialistically determined ideological phenomena. Thus, using the achievements of bourgeois science in the development of private specific issues of Gogol’s life and work, in our general understanding of Gogol’s work and determining his place in the history of the Russian literary process, we abandon the bourgeois inheritance.
We have already stopped in our previous works, see mainly, and now our point of view on the life and work of Gogol remains the same. This breakdown we present, of course, not as a spontaneous disappearance from the arena of the history of yesterday's dominant class, but as a state of a tense class struggle, which for the outgoing class knows not only defeat, but also temporary victories.
Speaking about Gogol's work as a phenomenon of the pan -European order, we want to make an indication of the study of European literary ties and relations of Gogol the problem of influences, borrowings, which formalists have dedicated so much attention. They should not be studied individualisticly, reducing, in most cases, the whole question to whether this or that work of Western European literature could know whether Gogol could know, and in a deeper socio-historical plan.The aesthetic, religious-philosophical, socio-political trends of Western European restoration romanticism could find expression in the work of Gogol, even if he not only did not know, for example, the German language, but did not even read German romantics in Russian translations.
In the same way, the same socio-political trends could be revealed in Pushkin’s historical stories as Walter Scott, even if Pushkin did not know the works of the English novelist. You can and should! Vyazemsky, later and in more detail - p. True of a Russian citizen, St. Petersburg. All kinds of means and paths, leading to the happiness of the people, are open in Russia for all classes.
The nobleman serves with the honor of the sovereign and fatherland; The merchant, engaged in trade, enriches the state and delivers everything necessary to the company; The artisan works on useful and necessary; a peasant in a sweat cultivates the land