Kekule brief biography

So far, the beginning of the year is in the courtyard, and Kekule's career reached saturation. His position at the University of Genta is reliable, the main words as he already thought was said, it only remained to bring the ends begun to the logical end: to write articles, to teach students, to perform at conferences, in addition, Augustus knocked 32, and at that age a decent gentleman of the Victorian era should have overcome and find a young innocent girl in order to form a basic cell of society.

They were found in the assortment of 5 pcs. From the line of Kekule’s products offered to him, apparently not without return feelings, he chose the fourth daughter, summer Stephanie. Stefani Kekle Drory, the wedding ritual of well -mannered young people at that time assumed a long sniff of courtship, which took the whole winter of the year. Naturally, Augustus was slightly distracted from his usual schedule in the sense, spent only 10 hours instead of 12 in the lab, and during working hours he was somehow scattered and smiling even more than usual.

He was just working on the next problem, which has not yet been deciphering even with the help of his latest structural approach, which could not but cause gloating among his opponents, far from the most restrained in his public statements, yes, I am again about the structure of aromatic compounds. They, as if in the mockery of the mainly terribly smelly fragrant, was his first isolated representative, benzaldehyde, isolated from Gorky Almond oil, were conscious as a certain separate class of substances more than 30 years ago, and starting a massive offensive from Hoffmann and his London students from a year.

Every year he brought all the new discoveries, and the concepts changed one after another. It was known that the composition of aromatic compounds included a very stable radical - the C6H5 benzoil, which can also be obtained if the gasoline is carefully treated. It was known that this radical is “carbon enriched”, that is, it contains more carbon than “normal” hydrocarbons. It was known that aromatic compounds sometimes react as ethylene why - unclear.

I especially hereinafter give descriptions of the molecules in words, and not with formulas, so that you feel the severity of the work of a chemist of that era. The most logical was, of course, the idea of ​​a hexatrine-a linear unsaturated hydrocarbon, but in this case he had to have two isomers due to the different possibilities of the sequences of SN and 2, that is, he had to be asymmetric.

And at the end of X there were several publications, which stated that it was possible to divide and characterize these two isomers. The same concerned the number of isomers obtained during the replacement of two or three hydrogen in the gasoline: different scientific groups, including Kolbe, claimed that they managed to distinguish a series of such replaced compounds that corresponded to two “just benzene” isomers.

And on the verge of years, several messages from colleagues who refuted the existence of two benzene and two episodes of their replaced derivatives fell to Kekul. And the number of these latter was less than predicted. Kekul had no reason not to trust them, but the structure of the structure with the help of a hexatrine did not work then. The drafts of the second part of his “textbook on organic chemistry” were just lying on the desktop, and now, obviously, he had to rewrite them again.

But how? Do not write “I don’t know” - it’s the same as recognizing the failure of the entire structural approach Kekule then lived in the center of Gent, in his own house on the shore of foxes, meters from the church of St. Nicholas and the bread market. His office, however, was in a separate outbuilding in the yard, and he should have reached the path strewn with gravel.

It was cool that day, and Augustus industry, while he reached the workplace, so instead of scribble, he rumbled a small stove. Work on the book was given heavily, he constantly went astray, completely far from science, very pleasant to his soul, so he sat in a chair and began to consider the “sausage” models of the atoms, lying on his table after another unsuccessful attempt to build a benzene molecule.

So he dozed off among broad day after half -day to him, as it often happened, strange visions, creatures of violent fantasy began to dream again. The carbon atoms lined up in a chain and began to dance. They have four hands: they serve one dancing nearby, in a parallel line, as in the counter -dance, hydrogen, and the other three to colleagues in the front and behind the visible embodiment of this ladder dance lay right in front of him on the table, so it should not be surprised.

Suddenly the music changed, the molecules began to dance Kong, wriggling like snakes, and then the last carbon grabbed the first by the hand, and they all began to dance a circular. Kekule abruptly opened his eyes, but the vision stood in front of him. He jumped up and folded a 6-member cycle from the "sausage" models. Everything converged! That was what he was looking for.

Benzole Kekule and then Kekule, firstly, we remember that he was very careful in public statements.After a short sitting over his “sausages”, he found that two cyclic models can be built from them: in one, all hydrogen were directed out, and in the second - half looked inside the cycle. That is, there were two isomers, and again something did not converge. Conclusion - you need to look for the button to wait until the colleagues find out how many gasolis are actually.

Having printed the results right now, he risked to expose the whole structural theory under blow - and this was too much threat. Oops, there are two of them and secondly, the marriage ritual adamantly moved to its climax. They made a wedding journey to Switzerland, in the chickens so beloved by August, where he spent not the worst days of his youth, and in early autumn they decided to combine the pleasant with useful and went to London for the World Exhibition.

The exhibition was held in an atmosphere of underlying sadness. The inspirer of the first exhibition, the generous patron saint of science and technology, Prince Albert, shortly before, died of typhoid at the age of only 42 years old, and Queen Victoria announced a mourning for him, which seemed to be endless. Moreover, Britain was in a deep economic crisis for several years, which hit Manchester and Lancashira primarily in the industrial regions of Manchester.

And as soon as at least some hope for the lumen arose, how the civil war began in the United States, and the factories became again-there was not enough cotton. But the British stubbornly made a good mine under bad circumstances, and the exhibition was organized with all possible scope. On the territory of South Kensington, specially redeemed by the deceased Albert, a building was specially erected using the latest technologies - from cast -iron supports and ceilings, worth in silver pounds.

For the first time, an electric telegraph, an underwater electric cable, the first thermoplastic of the parkin, with the Go -known as celluloid, separate elements of the Bebbiga computers, a spiral steam engine for sea soden, the cult locomotive of the Lake Board and the sensation of the exhibition are a refrigerator for ice production! And, of course, a huge number of little things that cannot be listed.

The second international exhibition May 1 - November 1, outside and inside to the joy of Augustus, London and Stephanie liked each other. The British colleagues were fascinated by her manners and knew their old friend in response to very transparent hints to the "special position" of his wife. Shortly before their departure home, the news of science and technology suddenly gave way to politics news.

A week after the appointment of Bismarck, speaking to the Landtaga budget committee on the issue of increasing military allocations, said the famous phrase, which adorned, among other things, the first pages of British newspapers: “Germany does not need Prussian liberalism: the great issues of our time are not resolved by the speeches and voices of the majority - they are a huge mistake of our years - they are resolved with iron and blood!

Under the threat of the next dissolution of the parliament, the budget with enlarged military allocations was adopted. Bismarck did not hide his goal - the restoration of the Reich, founded by his nickname years ago. The British public naturally took this news with anxiety. Neither Napoleon, nor Austria, nor Russia will allow this. In response, his interlocutor snorted.

He believes that it stands, as in the time of Wellington, shit once - and the Prussians will fall at his feet. In the house, natural chores were waiting for him. Teaching, work in the laboratory, arranging a new house for an upcoming child after 10 days, she died from postpartum fever. To say that Augustus was crushed by grief is to say nothing. In addition to everything, now the household problems associated with his son, whom he named in honor of his wife Stefan, also fell upon him: nurse, illness, night crying, her family helped due to opportunities, but still, Kekule was not up to science for a long time.

After a painstaking analysis, several groups at once showed that Kolbe was mistaken and the gasoline isomer exists only one. Moreover, now it was now known to know the amount of its possible derivatives derivatives in hares and Fisher received an previously unknown isomer of hydroxybenzoic acid and, as opposed to the usual “orthic acid”, called it a “para-acid”; A year later, the third was found a year, and since all possible prefixes were already busy, it was called another excellent degree - “meta”.

Everything converged - it means one of his “sausages” isomers was superfluous, and it was clearly the second, with hydrogen “inside”, since his symmetry was lower than the first and implied a larger number of possible isomers of replacement. In addition, in August GO there is an article by Tollen and Fittig about “dense carbon structures”, in which the structure of two layers of 3-member carbon cycles lying on each other was attributed to the benzene.

And her refutation was a very convenient occasion to nominate her own theory. Kekule is again taken by the feather and prepares the chapter on the problem of the problem of benzene structure in the second part of his textbook, which literally lay in front of him on the table.On New Year's Eve, he decides to go to Paris, “unwind” how he wrote to Beier.

Kekule, as always, was modest and hidden: in addition to a walk along the Seine embankment, he, through the idea of ​​the Würz, made a report at a meeting of the Paris Chemical Society, where the Benzole model showed the French colleagues, designed on the basis of his “sausage” atoms. Having stood his priority in this way, he began to publish notebooks of the second part of the spring-summer textbook.

This time, the noise rose even more than after the presentation of structural theory and “sausage” atoms. Still, the theory not only explained the existing data. Kekule promised to demonstrate the forecast effectiveness of his theory - and almost choked in the results that drove from his laboratory. All possible options for 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-procureed benzene with a huge number of radicals-and all of them turned out exactly as it was predicted!

In addition, the new theory made it possible to identify intermediate isomers say, 2-mixed by means of a kind of genetic algorithm: by how many isomers I will not give a scheme here, just believe that all the options are calculated there, as in preference. Yes, unresolved questions remained. For example, why single and double ties in the benzene do not differ in properties: already in Kekul speaks of the fluctuations of atoms inside the gasoline ring, which lead to averaging the connections - yes, he never forgot about the dynamics of processes, although he recognized that he was not destined to get to the dynamic properties of the molecules to the generation.

There was a question with why exactly the 6-member carbon cycles are so stable, but it soon became clear that not only 6-member and not only carbon, which further complicated the matter. And, of course, many supporters of the conspiracy theory immediately appeared who accused Kekule of theft of other people's ideas, well, this cannot be avoided when you achieve something great.

The additional impulse to the conquest of the structural theory of Kekule suddenly came from the side and not even the atomic designers who began to sell students - there was no, it was about real big money. In the year in Wuppertal Westphalia, Friedrich Bayer not to be confused with Beyer, founding a company for the production of dyes, primarily fuchsin and aniline, as well as acetylsalicylic acid synthesized in M ​​Gerard, which with the GO, the Aspirin TM is released under the trademark.

In M in Ludwigshafen, through the Rhine from Mannheim, the Great Duchy of Baden, next to Heidelberg Friedrich Engelhorn founded the “Baden anilinin and soda factory”, abbreviated as Basf, which was engaged in the processing of waste purification for street lamps for street lamps received it 4 years before Engelhorn. For several decades, his company was the leader in the production of artificial dyes of Indigo, Alizarin, Eosin, methylene blue, etc.

At the moment, BASF is the world's largest chemical concern. In the year in Lichtenberg, Berlin, Paul Mendelsson Bartodi, the son of the famous composer was founded by the Anilina Production Company. In m, it becomes a joint -stock company, and in m registers the AGFA trademark. For a very long time, the championship in the production of the best photo and film players belongs.