Biography in Pareto

His mother was a Frenchwoman, so he equally well mastered the languages ​​of both parents. In G., having graduated from the Pareto Polytechnic School in the city in the first half of the X, Pareto publishes a number of research in the field of economic theory and mathematical economy. In the last years of his life, Pareto collected materials for his most famous book Treatise on the general sociology of Trattato di Sociologia Generale, its last work was a brief guide to the general sociology of Compendio di Sociologia Generaale, Pareto’s economic science is primarily known to the idea of ​​its sociology that a significant part of it is the idea that a significant part Social actions have nothing to do with logic, and the actions of individuals are often dictated by the desire to give irrational actions a certain visibility of logicality.

A person is moved by both instinctive “remnants” and logical “derivatives” of these residues. The history of mankind is nothing more than a change in the prevailing moods among the elite. Leaders with the psychology of “lions”, prone to conservatism, can come to power, but gradually the philosophy of “fox”, that is, people prone to risk, are spreading in the consciousness of the elite. Pareto believed that this circle could break the use of force, but the elite is gradually becoming more and more weak and strives to avoid violence.

In the last year of Pareto’s life in Italy, the fascist regime has already been established. Some prominent figures of this regime, and above all, Duche Mussolini, considered themselves students of the Lausanne professor. In this regard, in Pareto, he expressed restrained support to the new regime, while simultaneously urging him to be liberal and not limit academic freedoms.

Pareto August 20, the theory of elites according to Pareto, are unequal among themselves in a physical, intellectual, moral relations. Therefore, social inequality seems to him a completely natural, obvious and real fact.

People who have the highest rates in a particular area of ​​activity make up the elite. Each field of activity has its own elite. Pareto distinguishes between two types of elite: the ruling, that is, taking part in the implementation of political power, and the wrong one. In general, social stratification is depicted in its theory in the form of a pyramid consisting of two layers: its peak is a small elite “higher layer”, and the rest is the bulk of the population “lower layer”.

Elites exist in all societies, regardless of the form of government. He, on the one hand, was characterized by the most capable and qualified in a certain form of activity, as a kind of result of natural selection. But in his "treatise", on the other hand, there is allegations that people can wear the "label" of the elite, not possessing appropriate qualities. As synonyms of the word “elite”, Pareto uses the terms “ruling class”, “dominant class”, “aristocracy”, “higher layer” or simply “the best”, while ignoring the relativity of “elite” qualities and their close connection with certain social systems.

Between the elite and the rest of the population, in the opinion of Pareto, the exchange is constantly taking place: part of the elite moves to the lower layer, and the most capable part of the latter replenishes the composition of the elite. The process of updating the highest layer Pareto calls the circulation of elites. Thanks to the elite circulation, it is in a state of gradual and continuous transformation.

The circulation of elites circulation of elites is functionally necessary to maintain social balance. It provides the ruling elite necessary for managing qualities. If the elite is closed, that is, the circulation does not occur or occurs too slowly, this leads to the degradation of the elite and its decline. At the same time, the number of individuals who have the necessary features and can apply violence to seize power grows in the lower layer.

But this new elite also loses the ability to manage if it is not updated at the expense of representatives of the lower layer. Pareto believed that political revolutions occur due to the fact that either due to a slowdown in the elite circulation, or for another reason, low-quality elements accumulate in the upper layers. The revolution acts as a kind of alternative, compensation and addition to the circulation of elites.

The essence of the revolution consists in a sharp and violent change in the composition of the ruling elite. Types of the elite on the theory of Pareto, in the process of history, the cycles of the rise and decline of the elites are constantly observed. Their alternation, change - the law of the existence of human society. But not just the compositions of the elites, their contingent change; They change each other, the types of elites are alternating.

The reason for this shift is the alternation, more precisely, in the prevalence of the first and second grades in the elites of the “precipitation” of the first and second grades, i.e. the first type of elite, in which the “instinct of combinations” prevails, controls the use of belief, bribery, deception, direct stupefying of the masses.Strengthening the “precipitation” of the first class and the weakening of the “precipitation” of the second lead to the fact that the ruling elite cares more about the present and less - about the future.

The interests of the near future dominate the interests of the distant future; Material interests - about ideal; The interests of the individual are over the interests of the family, other social groups, and the nation. Over time, the “instinct of combinations” in the ruling class intensifies, while in the controlled class, on the contrary, the instinct of “perseverance in the preservation of the units” is intensified.

When the discrepancy becomes quite significant, the revolution occurs, and another type of elite comes to power with a predominance of “precipitation” of the second class. This category of the elite is characterized by aggressiveness, authoritarianism, perseverance, intransigence, suspicion of maneuvering and compromises. The first type of the ruling elite Pareto calls the "foxes", the second - lions.

" In the field of economics, these two types correspond to the categories of “speculators and“ Rantier ”: in the first of them the“ precipitation ”of the first class prevail, in the second - the second. Each of the two categories performs a special useful function in society. A society in which the Rantier is almost exclusively dominated by the “Radier” remains motionless and prone to stagnation and decay; The society in which the "speculators" dominate is devoid of stability; It is in a state of unstable balance, which can easily be disturbed from the inside or from the outside.

Further improvements are not always justified. The main provisions of the Pareto law are as follows: - there are few significant factors, and a lot of trivial factors - only single actions lead to important results. They give nothing real to achieve the desired result. Literature and links.